unojУспехи наук о животныхErnst Journal of Animal Science3034-493ХФедеральный исследовательский центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л.К. Эрнста10.25687/3034-493X.2025.4.3.003unoj-21Research ArticleБиологические наукиBiological SciencesСовременные достижения в геномике тутового шелкопряда (Bombyx mori): от молекулярных маркеров к полному геномуModern advances in silkworm (Bombyx mori) genomics: from molecular markers to complete genomeКошкинаО. А.KoshkinaO. A.

Московская обл.

Moscow Region

ДенисковаТ. Е.DeniskovaT. E.

Московская обл.

Moscow Region

ЗиновьеваН. А.ZinovievaN. A.

Московская обл.

Moscow Region

ФГБНУ ФИЦ ВИЖ им. Л.К. ЭрнстаL.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry202525112025034151Copyright © Кошкина О.А., Денискова Т.Е., Зиновьева Н.А., 20252025Кошкина О.А., Денискова Т.Е., Зиновьева Н.А.Koshkina O.A., Deniskova T.E., Zinovieva N.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.ernstjournal.ru/jour/article/view/21

Тутовый шелкопряд (Bombyx mori) представляет собой не только основу традиционного шелководства, но и уникальную модель для геномных исследований среди чешуекрылых. В статье представлен комплексный анализ эволюции геномных исследований B. mori, охватывающий период от первых работ с молекулярными маркерами до создания полной теломер-теломерной сборки генома в 2024 году. Особое внимание уделено развитию методов генетического анализа: от ранних подходов (RAPD, RFLP, AFLP) до современных высокополиморфных микросателлитных маркеров и полногеномного секвенирования. Детально проанализированы успехи в идентификации генов, контролирующих ключевые хозяйственноценные признаки, включая гены продуктивности (BmAbl1, BmVps13d), развития шелкоотделительных желез (BmSGF1, BmPriS), метаморфоза (BmShadow, BR-C), окраски коконов (Bm-re, Gn-Str кластер) и репродукции (BmSer1, BmNap). Значимым достижением стало создание интегративных баз данных и атласов экспрессии генов, обеспечивающих основу для системной биологии шелкопряда. Обобщены современные представления о молекулярных механизмах доместикации и селекционного улучшения, в том числе выявленные геныкандидаты селективного отбора, связанные с нервной системой и метаболизмом. Отмечен значительный прогресс в изучении генетических основ адаптации, включая механизмы диапаузы и устойчивости к стрессам. Полученные данные имеют фундаментальное значение для понимания эволюции насекомых и практическое применение в селекционных программах. Особый акцент сделан на перспективных направлениях исследований, включая функциональную геномику, изучение регуляторных систем и создание эталонных транскриптомов. Работа демонстрирует, как достижения геномики трансформируют традиционную селекцию, открывая путь к целенаправленному конструированию пород шелкопряда с заданными свойствами.

The silkworm (Bombyx mori) serves not only as the foundation of traditional sericulture but also as a unique model for genomic research among lepidopterans. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of genomic studies of B. mori, covering the period from the initial work with molecular markers to the creation of a complete telomere-to-telomere genome assembly in 2024. Particular attention is paid to the development of genetic analysis methods: from early approaches (RAPD, RFLP, AFLP) to modern highly polymorphic microsatellite markers and whole-genome sequencing. The successes in identifying genes controlling key economically valuable traits are analyzed in detail, including genes for productivity (BmAbl1, BmVps13d), silk gland development (BmSGF1, BmPriS), metamorphosis (BmShadow, BR-C), cocoon coloration (Bm-re, Gn-Str cluster), and reproduction (BmSer1, BmNap). A significant achievement has been the creation of integrative databases and gene expression atlases, providing a foundation for the systems biology of the silkworm. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of domestication and breeding improvement is summarized, including the identified candidate genes for selective selection associated with the nervous system and metabolism. Significant progress in studying the genetic basis of adaptation, including the mechanisms of diapause and stress resistance, is noted. The obtained data are of fundamental importance for understanding insect evolution and have practical applications in breeding programs. Special emphasis is placed on promising research directions, including functional genomics, the study of regulatory systems, and the creation of reference transcriptomes. The work demonstrates how genomic advances are transforming traditional breeding, paving the way for the targeted development of silkworm breeds with desired traits.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.