References

unoj

Успехи наук о животных

Ernst Journal of Animal Science

3034-493Х

Федеральный исследовательский центр животноводства – ВИЖ имени академика Л.К. Эрнста

10.25687/3034-493X.2026.6.1.001

unoj-35

Research Article

БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

SNP-маркеры и их использование в овцеводстве

SNP markers and their use in sheep breeding

Денискова

Т. Е.

Deniskova

T. E.

Московская обл.

Moscow Region

ФГБНУ ФИЦ ВИЖ им. Л.К. ЭрнстаL.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry

2026

22042026

01415

2026

Денискова Т.Е.

Deniskova T.E.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.ernstjournal.ru/jour/article/view/35

Домашняя овца (Ovis aries) это один из первых одомашненных видов сельскохозяйственных животных, который, следуя за миграциями человека, распространился в большинстве стран мира. Современный генофонд овец представлен огромными разнообразием пород, различающихся по типу шерсти (тонкорунные, полутонкорунные, полугрубошерстные, грубошёрстные) и по типу хвостов (короткий/длинный, жирный/тощий). ДНК-чипы (микроматрицы) революционизировали область геномных исследований домашних овец и их диких сородичей, позволили выявлять нуклеотидные перестройки в геноме отдельных животных и в целом на уровне генофондов современных пород, которые возникли в процессе их формирования. Изменения в геноме продуктивных пород в процессе длительного их совершенствования в научной литературе в последние годы обозначаются такими обобщенными понятиями как «отпечатки», «следы» или «сигналы» селекции, отбора. Некоторые «сигналы» селекции выявлены у большинства пород и содержат так называемые «горячие точки отбора» геномные регионы, в которых расположены гены, прежде всего, связанные с ростом и развитием, размерами туловища и цветом шерстногопокрова. Гены-кандидаты, вовлеченные в формирование адаптаций, выявляются в геномных регионах, испытывающих давление отбора у локальных пород, обитающих в экстремальных условиях. В обзоре суммированы результаты исследований, посвящённых изучению происхождения локальных пород овец в аспекте мирового генофонда, представленного полногеномными SNP-генотипами из публично открытых баз данных. Дано краткое описание основных современных биоинформатических подходов, применяемых для поиска «отпечатков селекции». Обозначены основные кандидаты, связанные с экономическими значимыми признаками, устойчивостью к заболеваниям, адаптационными качествами и фенотипическими особенностями. Оценка геномного разнообразия в популяциях овец актуальна не только для генерации новых знаний об их происхождении, но также для разработки подходов для сохранения ценных генотипов.

Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) is one of the first domesticated livestock species, which, following human migrations, spread to most countries around the world. The modern sheep gene pool is represented by a vast variety of breeds, differing in wool type (fine wool, semi-fine wool, semi coarse wool, and coarse wool) and tail type (short/long, fat/thin). DNA microarrays have revolutionized the area of genomic research of domestic sheep and their wild relatives, allowing the identification of signatures of selection that shaped the genomes of existing breeds. Certain signatures of selection have been identified in most breeds and contain so called selection hotspots"— genomic regions containing genes primarily associated with growth and development, body size, and coat color. Candidate genes involved in the formation of adaptations are identified in genomic regions that underlie selection pressure in local breeds living in extreme conditions. This review summarizes the results of studies examining the origins of local sheep breeds in relation to the global gene pool, represented by whole genome SNP genotypes from publicly available databases. A brief description of the main modern bioinformatics approaches used to search for signatures of selection is provided. Key candidates associated with economically significant traits, disease resistance, adaptive qualities, and phenotypic characteristics are listed. Assessing genomic diversity in sheep populations is important not only for generating new knowledge on their origins but also for developing approaches for preserving valuable genotypes.

SNPгены-кандидатылокальные породыгенетическая структураотпечатки селекциигенетическое разнообразие

SNPscandidate geneslocal breedsgenetic structuresignatures of selectiongenetic diversity

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.