Heyndrickxia Coagulans as a next-generation probiotic: biological properties, mechanisms of action, and prospects for application in animal husbandry

Modern animal husbandry faces the challenge of finding effective and safe alternatives to feed antibiotics due to the global spread of antimicrobial resistance. Probiotics based on spore-forming bacteria, particularly Heyndrickxia coagulans (formerly Bacillus coagulans), represent one of the most promising solutions. This microorganism uniquely combines the technological advantages of bacilli (thermostability, resistance to gastric acid and bile salts) with metabolic properties characteristic of lactobacilli (homofermentative production of L-lactic acid). This review summarizes and systematizes current data on the taxonomy, biological characteristics, genomic features, and mechanisms of probiotic action of H. coagulans. Key aspects of its positive effects are discussed in detail: modulation of intestinal microbiota (increasing beneficial genera such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and butyrate producers), strengthening of the intestinal barrier via upregulation of tight junction proteins and mucin production, immunomodulation through cytokine balance regulation and interaction with TLR receptors, antagonism against pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Clostridium perfringens, antioxidant activity, and improvement of feed digestibility through secretion of hydrolytic enzymes. The results of using various strains of H. coagulans in poultry farming (broilers, laying hens, quails), pig husbandry (weaned piglets), cattle farming (calves, yaks), and aquaculture are analyzed, demonstrating increased productivity, improved feed conversion, enhanced survival rates, and greater disease resistance. Special attention is paid to safety issues, including GRAS/QPS status, absence of pathogenicity genes and transmissible antibiotic resistance genes confirmed by genomic analysis. Emerging applications of the probiotic, including oral health (reduction of Streptococcus mutans) and correction of metabolic disorders, are considered. The prospects for using H. coagulans in synbiotic formulations and as part of antibiotic reduction strategies in animal production are discussed.

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