This review systematizes data on the use of microsatellite (STR) markers in sturgeon farming. The structure, classification, and mechanisms underlying polymorphism of microsatellite loci, as well as the factors affecting their variability, are considered. It is discussed that the distribution of various classes of microsatellites in fish genomes is species-specific, which must be taken into account during cross-species primer amplification. Particular attention is paid to two unique characteristics of sturgeon genomes. First, polyploidy: species with ~120 chromosomes are functional diploids, those with ~250 are functional tetraploids, and those with ~370 are hexaploids. The diploidization process is incomplete, requiring consideration of the quantitative ratio of alleles and validation of the inheritance mode for each locus. Secondly, the extremely low rate of molecular evolution ensures high efficiency of cross-species amplification but complicates the differentiation of closely related species. The main applications of STR markers are systematized: monitoring the genetic diversity of natural populations, managing genetic diversity in aquaculture, identifying hybrids, establishing the authenticity of origin, and studying ploidy and diploidization processes. Examples of the successful use of microsatellites in studies conducted by domestic and international researchers are provided, including the development of multiplex panels and statistical approaches accounting for allele dosage in polyploid species. Microsatellite markers are a reliable tool for population genetic analysis, selection and breeding, and the conservation of sturgeon genetic resources. Promising areas remain the development of new multiplex panels for tetraploid species and the integration of STR analysis with modern genomic technologies. 

The article addresses topics such as protein digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, with a detailed examination of amino acid transporter proteins. An analysis of the dynamics of amino acid transporter expression is presented, depending on the gastrointestinal tract region, chicken age, and breed. A brief overview of amino acid metabolism in chickens is provided. A review of genes affecting myogenesis in embryos and adult birds is conducted; the influence of genetic and chemical factors on chicken growth and development is considered, and the connection between exogenous and endogenous effects of amino acids on chicken myogenesis is established. The role of key genes in controlling myogenesis and muscle tissue growth is examined. The role of amino acids in the myogenesis process is also considered. 

Burbot is one of the oldest commercial fish, the documented use of which can be traced back over a significant historical period. Archaeologists who have conducted research believe that this species was an object of fishing in the Neolithic period. This is confirmed by findings in various regions of Eurasia. Burbot is distributed almost all over the world and its habitat covers vast territories, but in some countries it has been exterminated or its species is in danger of extinction. The main reasons that negatively affect the populations of the species are climate change, rising water temperatures, the human factor negatively affecting the main habitats and pollution of water bodies. Burbot is an important object for artificial reproduction and preservation of its natural status, as it represents a high economic value. Effective fishery management, the development of aquaculture and the introduction of modern technologies will ensure the sustainable development of the industry and the conservation of biodiversity in reservoirs.

The review is devoted to the systematization of current data on the mechanisms of stress and oxidative damage in pigs, as well as to the analysis of the prospects of using adaptogens for improving stress resistance in commercial pig farming. The review addresses the etiology of stress factors in pig farming. The stages of the general adaptation syndrome and key neuroendocrine shifts are described. Chronic stress is shown to result in immunosuppression, reproductive dysfunction, reduced performance, and decreased meat quality. Particular attention is given to oxidative stress as a universal damage mechanism: activation of lipid peroxidation, accumulation of malondialdehyde, initiation of NF kB dependent inflammation, and the formation of a vicious cycle of inflammation and oxidative stress. Critical periods when oxidative stress is most pronounced are outlined: the post weaning period in piglets and late gestation with lactation in high producing sows. Correction strategies are analyzed: microclimate optimization, reduced stocking density, use of high quality feeds enriched with vitamins E and C, selenium, polyphenols, probiotics, and adaptogens. Adaptogens as a class of compounds that increase nonspecific resistance of the organism are characterized. Using an organic salt of lithium, lithium ascorbate, as an example, neuroprotective and antioxidant effects, low toxicity, and a wide therapeutic window are demonstrated. Adaptogens are promising stress protective agents for pig farming; however, further studies are required to optimize dosages for different technological groups, to investigate residual amounts in products, and to assess economic efficiency under intensive production conditions. 

The review presents an analysis of the literature data on the study of cation-anion balance (CAB) in the diets of cows. Research related to the influence of different diets on the condition and productivity of cows is relevant. The CAB indicator determines the ratio of certain ions in the feed, the main ones being sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chlorides (Cl−), and sulfates (SO4−). When compiling rations, it is necessary to assess the content of macroand micronutrients in them. A very important criterion in livestock farms is the conduct of laboratory analysis of diets by feeding specialists in order to classify them as alkaline or acidic in a certain physiological period of the animal (dry period, calving, lactation). Numerous studies conducted by scientists indicate the advisability of using diets with different compositions depending on the physiological state, season, climate, etc. Diets with a higher cationic-anionic composition help to eliminate problems that arise during the transition period such as rennet displacement, reduction of ruminant activity, irritation of the scar walls and a decrease in feed consumption, and a decrease in milk fat indicators. At the beginning of lactation, cows need to be fed buffer substances for optimal rumen function and increased CAB. Feeding buffer substances increases the level of CAB, which helps to neutralize acidosis and related problems. CAB has been shown to have a positive effect on milk production in cows. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the regulation of the cation-anion balance depending on the physiological state of the animal in order to improve the efficiency of animal husbandry and optimize feeding processes.